蒙台梭利、施泰纳或雷焦艾米利亚：哪种育儿理念最适合您的家庭？

: By 纳迪亚·威尔逊·阿里（Nadia Wilson-Ali）和玛丽安·卡诺斯（Marianne Knaus）

感谢造访 InnerSelf.com，哪里有 20,000+ 宣传“新态度和新可能性”的改变生活的文章。所有文章均翻译为 30多种语言. 订阅每周出版的《内在自我》杂志和玛丽·T·拉塞尔的《每日灵感》。 InnerSelf杂志 自 1985 年起出版。

蒙特梭利，斯坦纳或雷焦艾米利亚：哪种育儿理念最适合您的家庭？
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高达 90％的大脑发育发生在头五年 of life.生活。 Early learning matters, and creates a solid foundation for future development.早期学习很重要，并为将来的发展奠定了坚实的基础。

Philosophical underpinnings in early education matter too.早期教育的哲学基础也很重要。 They influence the interactions between teachers and children, the environment design and beliefs about how children learn.它们会影响教师与孩子之间的互动，环境设计以及对孩子学习方式的信念。

The demographic diversity of Australia means no single early learning philosophy will suit everyone.澳大利亚的人口多样性意味着没有一种适合所有人的早期学习理念。 Parents can find it difficult choosing a service given the plethora on offer.鉴于有太多的优惠，父母会发现很难选择一项服务。

以下是在澳大利亚的幼儿教育中使用的三种最著名的替代教育理念。

施泰纳（Waldorf）

施泰纳教育（也称为华尔）基于鲁道夫·施泰纳的教育理念。 It originated in Germany in the early 20th century.它起源于XNUMX世纪初的德国。

It is focused on self-directed learning, based on children's interests.它着重于根据孩子的兴趣进行自主学习。 Steiner education encourages self-motivated learning that supports and encourages problem solving, critical thinking, creativity and social skills.施泰纳教育鼓励自我激励的学习，支持和鼓励解决问题，批判性思维，创造力和社交技巧。

When learning is self-directed, children's motivation doesn't come from rewards.当学习是自我指导的时，孩子的动机就不是来自奖励。 Instead, they are相反，它们是从事因为他们觉得这很令人满意。

A Steiner childcare centre or preschool engages children in self-directed play, and in the arts.施泰纳（Steiner）育儿中心或学前班让孩子们进行自主游戏和艺术活动。 Children draw, paint, model, tell stories and do practical things like cooking, cleaning and gardening.孩子们绘画，绘画，建模，讲故事并做一些实际的事情，例如做饭，打扫卫生和园艺。 There would be more arts and craft in a Steiner-inspired setting than a mainstream one.在Steiner启发的环境中，将会有比主流艺术和手工艺品更多的艺术品。

施泰纳（Steiner）老师的榜样而不是指导和与孩子们玩耍，从而促进他们的学习。

对儿童学习的评估通常针对儿童及其兴趣，能力，文化和优势进行个性化设置，而不是基于发展清单或标准化评估。

您可以在Steiner启发的托儿中心期待更多的艺术品和手工艺品. 存在Shutterstock

施泰纳的学习资源是简单和低技术 to stimulate curiosity and creativity.激发好奇心和创造力。 A Steiner classroom may include weaving materials, crayons, puppets, natural fibres and natural timber.施泰纳教室可能包括编织材料，蜡笔，木偶，天然纤维和天然木材。

父母将他们的孩子注册为Steiner启发式服务机构，可以期望该中心的目标是同一位老师在那里度过的整个时间对孩子进行教育和照料。

Genuine Steiner schools are certified and use a specific Steiner curriculum.真正的斯坦纳学校经过认证，并使用特定的斯坦纳课程。 They attract families who would like their child to develop their creativity in a predictable, routine environment with little to no technology.他们吸引了希望自己的孩子在可预见的，例行的环境中发展自己的创造力的家庭，而这些家庭几乎不需要技术。

Limited research has been conducted into Steiner education.对斯坦纳教育的研究有限。 What research exist mainly relates to schools rather than childcare.现有的研究主要涉及学校而不是育儿。 Some studies show一些研究表明施泰纳风格学校的学生与公立学校的学生相比，获得更高的学业成绩（使用相同的测试方法时）和社会成果。

蒙特梭利方法

玛丽亚·蒙特梭利博士 was a medical doctor and psychiatrist.是一名医生和精神科医生。 She opened a school for disadvantaged children in early 20th century Rome, to test her education theories.她在100世纪初的罗马为弱势儿童开设了一所学校，以测试她的教育理论。 There are now Montessori schools in more than XNUMX countries.现在，在XNUMX多个国家/地区设有蒙特梭利学校。

Montessori's philosophy is based on her direct observations of children, and integrating their development with their learning.蒙特梭利的哲学基于她对儿童的直接观察，并将他们的发展与学习相结合。 The focus is on play and work, as children like to model adults and be involved in real-world tasks.重点在于游戏和工作，因为儿童喜欢模仿成年人并参与实际任务。 The philosophy sees children as capable of self-directed learning, who can independently choose resources to use in their learning.这种哲学认为儿童具有自主学习的能力，他们可以独立选择在学习中使用的资源。

孩子的第一本学习资料是可能遇到 in the Montessori environment will be used for practical life activities.在蒙特梭利环境中将被用于实际生活活动。 These include pouring different materials, using utensils such as scissors and tongs, cleaning, preparing snacks, laying the table and washing dishes, arranging flowers and gardening.其中包括倒入不同的材料，使用剪刀和钳子之类的器具，清洁，准备小吃，摆桌子和洗碗，安排鲜花和园艺。 The aim is to develop independent skills and to build their gross and fine motor control and hand-eye co-ordination.目的是发展独立技能，并建立他们的总体和精细运动控制以及手眼协调能力。

倒酒可以促进粗壮和精细的运动技能的发展。 存在Shutterstock

Montessori resources are specifically designed, often sensory.蒙台梭利的资源是专门设计的，通常带有感官。 They are to encourage matching, rhyming, sequencing, sandpaper letters and numbers for finger tracing, cutting, writing and drawing, sewing, weaving and woodworking.他们将鼓励匹配，押韵，排序，砂纸字母和数字进行手指追踪，切割，书写和绘图，缝纫，编织和木工。

Resources help children learn through repetition and self-correction.资源可以帮助孩子通过重复和自我纠正来学习。 A child manipulating a puzzle can see their mistake if the pieces don't fit together and self-correct as they go.如果各部分不匹配并且无法自行纠正，则操作拼图的孩子会看到他们的错误。

与Steiner方法不同，蒙台梭利环境中的孩子是根据能力而不是年龄分组的。多年龄教室有很多好处，支持孩子们按照自己的节奏工作。 They provide opportunities for peer-to-peer learning and to develop a sense of community.它们为对等学习和发展社区意识提供了机会。

许多澳大利亚的早期学习服务都受到了蒙台梭利的启发，但并非全部都经过了蒙台梭利的注册（任何人都可以开设蒙台梭利的服务，因为“蒙台梭利”这个名称从未获得版权）。

在澳大利亚，教育和护理服务可以参加澳大利亚蒙特梭利针对蒙特梭利质量标准的外部审查，并成为 “蒙台梭利注册™。 Parents can search the家长可以搜寻蒙特梭利澳大利亚目录，以确认服务是受蒙台梭利启发还是蒙台梭利注册。

蒙特梭利的资源通常是基于感官的，就像砂纸字母一样。 存在Shutterstock

There is limited evaluation of the Montessori method in Australia, particularly for children aged under three.澳大利亚对蒙台梭利方法的评估有限，尤其是对于三岁以下的儿童。 Some一些研究表明参加蒙台梭利环境的3-6岁儿童比参加非蒙台梭利环境的儿童在社交和学术技能上有显着提高-但前提是使用规定的蒙台梭利计划而无需进行适应。

美国的一项研究与非蒙台梭利儿童相比，参加蒙台梭利服务的3-6岁儿童具有更高的学术和社交技能，以及对技能和执行功能的更好掌握。

雷焦艾米利亚

Reggio Emilia方法在意大利北部的一个城市中建立。 After the end of World War 2 and fascism, parents and educators looked for new educational experiences.第二次世界大战和法西斯主义结束后，父母和教育者寻求新的教育经历。

的第一所幼儿园雷焦艾米利亚开业 1963年与教育家洛里斯·马拉格齐（Loris Malaguzzi）合作。

1991年，该市的学前班之一戴安娜学前班被命名为世界上最先进的幼儿园之一 by Newsweek, in recognition of the preschool's innovative teaching practices.新闻周刊，以表彰幼儿园的创新教学实践。 These preschools saw the child as an active citizen and holder of rights from birth, valued for their individual identity and active participation in their learning.这些学前班把孩子视为积极的公民，从出生起就享有权利，因其个人身份和积极参与学习而受到重视。

与蒙台梭利环境下更为结构化的教育计划形成鲜明对比的是，雷焦艾米利亚（Reggio Emilia）设计的教师课程 that follow children's interests and learning.遵循儿童的兴趣和学习。 Teachers assume different roles including researcher, role model, observer, documenter, photographer and student.教师承担着不同的角色，包括研究员，榜样，观察员，记录员，摄影师和学生。

A teacher may see children are interested in nesting birds in the tree outside their classroom.老师可能会看到孩子对在教室外面的树上筑巢的鸟感兴趣。 The teacher may first establish what the children already know about the birds.老师可以首先确定孩子们对鸟类的了解。 Then the teacher may offer children the opportunity to draw the birds in the nest, create sculptures of the nest and read children books about bird species.然后，老师可以给孩子们一个机会，在巢中画鸟，创作巢的雕塑并为孩子们阅读有关鸟类的书籍。 The teacher could also photograph the children engaged in learning about the birds and do further research themselves.老师还可以为从事鸟类学习的孩子拍照，并自己做进一步的研究。

然后将学习旅程显示在中心。

Reggio Emilia schools are renowned for their aesthetics.雷焦艾米利亚（Reggio Emilia）学校以其美学着称。 Each resource is purposefully placed in the classroom to invite children to explore and create with it.每种资源都专门放置在教室中，以邀请孩子们探索和创造资源。 Resources can include items such as PVC piping, boxes, fabrics, buckets, stones, blocks and clay.资源可以包括诸如PVC管道，盒子，织物，桶，石头，块和黏土之类的项目。 Classrooms are bright and open, designed to allow children to move freely between spaces.教室明亮开放，旨在让孩子们在各个空间之间自由移动。

An exact replica of Reggio Emilia can't be recreated outside the town, as each services must reflect its cultural, political and historical context.雷焦艾米利亚（Reggio Emilia）的精确复制品无法在城镇外重建，因为每项服务都必须反映其文化，政治和历史背景。 So centres refer to themselves as "Reggio-inspired”. These individual differences make it difficult to evaluate.因此，中心将自己称为“雷焦启发”，这些个体差异使评估变得困难。